\"Understanding Forensic DNA\" by Suzanne Bell & John Butler
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Forensic DNA typing was developed to improve our ability to conclusively identify an individual and distinguish that person from all others. Current DNA profiling techniques yield incredibly rare types but definitive identification of one and only one individual using A D N A profile remains impossible. This fact may surprise you as there is a popular misconception that A D N A profile is unique to an individual. With the exception of identical twins, you may be the only person in the world with your D N A profile, but we cannot know this short of typing. Everyone. What we can do is calculate probabilities. The result of A D N A profile translates into the probability that a person selected at random will have that same profile. In most cases. This probability is astonishingly tiny. Unfortunately, this probability is easily misinterpreted a situation we will see and discuss many times in the coming chapters. The drive to identify individuals is as old as humanity and is not limited to forensic applications. Your signature is a form of identification as our biomarkers such as fingerprints and facial features, your fingerprint or face can identify you for purposes of unlocking your phone, but neither method is infallible.